Freshness, kitchen temperature, and whether your cream is ultra-pasteurized all play a role. Under ideal conditions the cultures thicken the cream overnight. It can take considerably longer — our recent batch took almost 48 hours. Don’t rush it.
The extra ¼ cup is intentional — use a full cup in the recipe and save the rest as a starter. Stir it into another 1¼ cups of heavy cream and the culture is already established. Your next batch will thicken much more quickly.
Ultra-pasteurized cream (common in most grocery stores) still works, but takes longer to set because the high heat partially deactivates the cultures. Look for regular pasteurized heavy cream at a local dairy or natural foods store when you can find it.